Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( sar-KOH-zee; French: [nikɔla pɔl stefan saʁkɔzi] ; born 28 January 1955) is a French former politician and convicted criminal who served as President of France from 2007 to 2012.

Born in Paris, his roots are half Hungarian Protestant, a quarter Greek Jewish, and a quarter French Catholic. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002, he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur (1993–1995) during François Mitterrand's second term. During Jacques Chirac's second presidential term, he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances. He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party from 2004 to 2007.

He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Ségolène Royal, the Socialist Party (PS) candidate. During his term, he faced the 2008 financial crisis, the late-2000s recession, and the European sovereign debt crisis, the Russo-Georgian War (for which he negotiated a ceasefire), and the Arab Spring (especially in Tunisia, Libya, and Syria). He initiated the reform of French universities (2007) and the pension reform (2010). He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris. In the 2012 presidential election, Sarkozy was defeated by the PS candidate François Hollande by a 3.2% margin. After leaving office, Sarkozy pledged to retire but returned in 2014 as UMP leader (renamed The Republicans in 2015). After defeat in the Republican presidential primary in 2016, he retired from public life.